Task 5 : Idiom, Simile, Metaphor Translation

An idiom is a word or phrase which means something different from its literal meaning. Idioms are common phrases or terms whose meaning is not real, but can be understood by their popular use. Examples (English - Indonesian):

1. Every cloud has a silver lining : disetiap kesusahan pasti ada kemudahan
2. At the drop of a hat                   : tiba-tiba
3. beat around the bush                 : basa-basi
4. Barking up the wrong tree        : salah sasaran
5. An arm and a leg                       : harganya setinggi langit

A simile is a figure of speech that says that one thing is like another different thing. We can use similes to make descriptions more emphatic or vivid.  Examples (English - Indonesian):

1. As busy as a bee                       : sangat sibuk 
2. Eaten out of house and home       : makan dengan lahap
3. As poor as a churchmouse           : sangat miskin 
4. As steadfast as a rock                 : sangat kukuh
5. Happier than a kid in Candy Land : sangat bahagia

A metaphor is a figure of speech that identifies one thing as being the same as some unrelated other thing, thus strongly implying the similarities between the two. It is therefore considered more rhetorically powerful than a simile. While a simile compares two items, a metaphor directly equates them, and so does not apply any words of comparison, such as "like" or "as." Metaphor is a type of analogy and is closely related to other rhetorical figures of speech that achieve their effects via association, comparison or resemblance including allegory, hyperbole, and simile.

1. . My brother was boiling mad    : sangat marah  (This implies he was very, very angry.)
2.  The assignment was a breeze  : sesuatu yang mudah (This implies that the assignment was very easy to do.)
3. Thoughts are a storm,             : tak terduga (In the same way in which storms are unpredictable, so are thoughts - they come when you least expect them to.)
4. Life is a journey. (This implies that in life there are always going to be ups and downs, challenges, moments of success and moments of failure...just like a journey.)
5.  Choices are crossroads. (When you are at a crossroad you have different paths in front of you, all of which lead you to a different place. It is up to you to choose the best one, depending on your destination.)

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

                                                                                    Name               : Rahmi Nur Baity W.

                                                                                    NIM                : 2201412005

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

• Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Example           1. My uncle works as supervisor in that company : Pamanku bekerja sebagai supervisor di perusahan ity

2.  Jack is a master in mathematic : Jack adalah seorang master di matematika.

• Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example          1. psychology = psikologi

                        2. photo           = foto

• Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example          1. Mini baseball = kasti

                        2. pedicab           = becak

• Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example          1. Hanbok (Korea)                  = Kebaya

                        2. Sambrero (Meksiko)            = Blankon

• Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example          1. Panettone = the traditional cookies from Italy that we can eat in every new year party

                        2. Bir Pletok = the traditional drinks from Betawi that’s mnde by ginger

• Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Example          1.

                        2.

• Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example          1. Smart  = clever = brainy

                        2. honest = fair = frank = truthful

• Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example          1. Normal school = sekolah normal

                        2. Manchester University = Universitas Manchester

• Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example          1. Children = our children

                        2. succeed = success

• Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example          1. Youre going to have a nephew  = anda akan jadi tante

2. The laws of Germany govern this Agreement. = Perjanjian ini diatur oleh hukum Jerman.

• Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example          1. United Kingdom = Britannia

                        2. Uni Soviet = USSR (Uni Soviet Socialist Republic)

• Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example          1. Vengeance is mine !  à Saatnya balas dendam

                        2. have a good time ! = bersenang-senanglah !

• Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example          1.

                        2.

• Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example          1.

                        2.

• Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example          1. PS : Milky Way is a galaxy = NB : Bima Sakti adalah sebuah galaxy

2. Spoiler : Fast and Furious 7 will be display on 2015 = Bocoran : Fust and Furious akan tayang pada tahun 2015

Jenis-Jenis Terjemahan Menurut Ahli

  According to Larson (1984: 15)•         Translation is classified into two main types, namely form-based translation and meaning-based translation.
ð Terjemahan diklasifikan kedlam 2 tipe utama, yaitu form-based translation dan meaning based translation
•         Forms-based translation attempts to follow the form of the source language (SL) and it is known as literal translation.

ð Form based translation berupaya untuk mengikuti bentuk dari sumber bahasa dan dikenal sebagai literal translation.
•         Meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translation is called idiomatic translation.

ð Meaning based translation membuat semua usaha untuk menyampaikan arti dari teks sumber bahasa dalam bentuk alami dari bahasa penerima. Jadi terjemahan ini disebut idiomatic translation.
 According to Catford (1978: 21)•         

Based on the extent, the types of translation are:

Berdasarkan pada sedikit atau banyaknya, tipe transaltion adalah sebgai berikut :

1) Full translation, it is a type of translation in which the entire SL text is reproduced by the TL text materials

.ð full translation, adalah tipe terjemahan yang seluruh teks sumber bahasanya ditiru oleh materi teks bahsa sasaran.

2)  Partial translation, there are only some parts of the SL text to be    translated into the TL text.

ð partial translation, hanya ada beberapa bagian dari teks sumber     bahasa yang dapat diterjemahkan kedalam teks bahasa sasaran

In terms of level, the types of translation are:

Dalam istilah level, tipe terjemahan adalah sebgai berikut

1) Total translation, the TL material replaces all levels of the SL text

.ð total translation, bahan dari bahasa sasaran menggantikan semua level dari teks sumber bahasa

2) Restricted translation, it is the replacement of SL textual material with equivalent TL material at only one level; whether at the phonological level, graphological level, or at the level of grammar and lexis.

ð restricted translation, adalah penggantian material tekstual dari sumber bahasa dengan padanan materi bahsa sasran hanya pada satu level; apakah pada level fonologi, level grafologi, atau pada level tatabahsa dan kosa kata
•         In terms of rank, translation is divided into:
Dalam istilah barisan, terjemahan dibedakan menjadi :

1) Rank-bound translation, it means that the selection of TL text equivalent is limited at only one rank, such as word-for-word equivalence, morpheme-for-morpheme equivalence, etc.
ð Rank- bound translation, itu artinya bahwa pemilihan dari padanan teks bahasa sasaran dibatasi hanya pada satu barisan seperti kata-untuk-kesamaan kata, morfem-untuk-kesamaan morfem dll.
2)  Unbounded translation, it can move freely up and down the rank-scale.

ð Unbounded translation, terjemahan ini dapat bergerak dengan bebas atas dan bawah pada skala tingkatan tersebut.
 According to Brislin in Choliludin (2007: 26-30)•     

   Based on the purposes of translation:

Berdsarkan pada tujuan dari terjemahan :

1) Pragmatic translation: it refers to the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information that was meant to be conveyed in the SL form and it is not conveyed with other aspects of the original language version. Example: the translation of the information about repairing a machine.

ð Pragmatic translation : itu mengacu kepada terjemahan dari sebuah pesan dengan kepentingan dalam akurasi dari informasi yang diartikan untuk disampaikan dalam bentuk sumber bahasa dan tidak disampaikan dengan aspek yang lain dari versi bahsa aslinya. Contoh : terjemahan dari informasi mengenai perbaikan sebuah mesin.
2) Aesthetic-poetic translation: it refers to translation in which the translator takes into account the affect, emotion, and feeling of an original version, the aesthetic form used by the original author, as well as any information in the message. Example: the translation of sonnet, rhyme, heroic couplet, dramatic dialogue, and novel.

ð Aesthetic-poetic translation : itu mengacu kepada terjemahan yang penerjemahnya memerlukan nilai perasaan, emosi, dan rasa dari sebuah versi asli, the aesthetic form digunakan oleh penulis asli sebagus informasi dalam pesan tersebut. Contoh terjemahan dari sonata, rima, kepahlawanan, dialgog dramatis dan novel.
3) Ethnographic translation: its purpose is to explicate the cultural context of the SL and TL versions. Translators have to be sensitive to the way words are used and must know how the word fits into cultures. Example: the use of the word ‘yes’ versus ‘yeah’ in America.

ð Ethnographic translation : Tujuan dari terjemahan ini adalah untuk  menjelaskan secara lengakap konteks budaya dari sumber bahasa dan versi bahasa sasaran. Para penerjemah harus sensitive terhadap cara kata-kata digunakan dan harus tahu bagaimana kata tersebut sesuai dengan kebudayaan. Contoh : keguanaan dari kata ‘yes’ terhadap ‘yeah’ di  Amerika
4) Linguistic translation: is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the SL and grammatical form. Example: language in a computer program and translation machine.

ð Linguistic translation: dikaitkan dengan padanan arti atas unsur morfem dari sumber bahasa dan bentuk tatabahasa. Contoh : bahasa dalam program computer dan terjemahan mesin
According to Jacobson in Leonardi (2000)•      

   Intralingual translation refers to a translation in which verbal signs are interpreted by means of other signs of the same language. It happens within the same language (monolingual).
ð Intralingual translation mengacu pada sebuah terjemahan pada isyarat lisan yang diartikan menurut arti dari tanda-tanda lain dalam bahasa yang sama. Itu terjadi dalam bahasa yang sama.

•         Interlingual translation is the one which refers to different languages whether it is bilingual or multilingual.
ð Interlingual translation adalah terjemahan yang mengacu pada perbedaan bahasa apakah itu dwi bahasa atau berbagai bahasa.•         Intersemiotic translation refers to an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of non-verbal sign systems.
ð Intersemiotic translation mengacu pada sebuah penafsiran dari tanda-tanda bahasa pada arti dari tand-tanda yang lain atas system tanda non verbal   

Example of Pragmatic Translation

                      Example of Ethnographic Translation 

The purpose of the translation is to communicate the meaning accurately. I think  those translation products are translated accurately and naturally because all information is submitted in that pictures . The meaning in that pictures is communicated by using common vocabularies and easy grammar so that the readers can understand the information in those pictures.

 Like in the fist picture showed to us about the nutrient content in the product like energy/kcal, fat, sugars, salt. All of information about the nutrient content is submitted in that picture. the readers can understand about the information in that pictures because that pictures using common vocabularies and easy grammar

For the second pictures showed to us about vacation offer to Thailand. All about information in that picture is mentioned like contact person, the price, hotel,  facilities. Same as previous picture, the second picture using common vocabularies and easy grammar so that the readers can understand easily.

 

Assignment Translation 1

                                                                                    Rahmi Nur Baity W

                                                                                    2201412005

                                                                                    English – Indonesia Translation 401-402

Definition 1 (Nida, 1969: 12)

“ Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”

• Penerjemahan adalah menghasilkan kembali ke dalam bahasa penerima yang mempunyai arti terdekat dari pesan aslinya, yang pertama dalam hal arti dan yang kedua dalam gaya bahasa.

Definition 2 (Catford, 1978: 20)

“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).”

•  penerjemahan adalah penggantian dari materi tekstual di dalam satu bahasa dengan materi padanan teks dalam bahasa lain.

Definition 3 (Larson, 1984: 3)

“ Translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant.”

• Penerjemahan adalah pemindahan artian dari sumber bahhasa kedalam bahasa penerima. Ini bermula dari bentuk pada bahasa pertama  ke bentuk bahasa kedua dengan cara struktur semantik. Itu artinya yang dipindah dan harus terus menerus

Definition 4 (Newmark, 1988: 5)

“Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”

• Penerjemahan adalah menyumbangkan arti dari sebuah teks kedalam bahasa lain dengan cara  yang diharapkan penulis pada teksnya

Definition 5 (Hawkes in Basnett-McGuire ,1991:13)

“Translation involves the transfer of ‘meaning’ contained in one set of language signs into another set of language through competent use of the dictionary and grammar, the process involves a whole set of extralinguistic criteria also.”

• Penerjemahan melibatkan pemindahan dari “artian”  yang ada  dalam satu  perangkat tanda bahasa kedalam satu perangkat bahasa lain melalui  penggunaan yang cakap dari kamus dan grammar, proses tersebut juga melibatkan keseluruhan perangkat dari  kriteria ekstralinguistik

Definition 6 (Sperber and Wilson in Bell (1991:6)

 “Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.”

• Penerjemahan adalah pergantian dari gambaran sebuah teks dalam satu bahasa dengan  gambaran dari sebuah padanan teks dalam bahasa kedua

Definition 7 (Toury in James, 2000)

“Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions.”

• Penerjemahan adalah salah satu aktivitas  yang tidak bisa diremehkan  dimana melibatkan paling tidak 2 bahasa and 2 tradisi budaya.

Definition 8 (Steiner in Choliludin, 2006: 5)

 “Translation can be seen as (co) generation of texts under specific constraints that is relative stability of some situational factors and, therefore, register, and classically, change of language and (context of) culture.”

•  Penerjemahan dapat dilihat sebagai  sesama generasi dari teks-teks dibawah kendala tertentu yang relatif stabil  dari beberapa faktor situasional dan oleh karena itu,mendaftar dan secara sederhana, perubahan dari bahasa dan konteks budaya